Management
Management in businesses and organizations
is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using
available resources efficiently and effectively.
Management includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or
directing, and controlling an organization
to accomplish the goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and
manipulation of human resources, financial
resources, technological resources, and natural
resources. Management is also an academic discipline, a social
science whose objective is to study social organization.
Management involves identifying the
mission, objective, procedures, rules and the manipulation of the human capital
of an enterprise to contribute to the success of the enterprise. This implies
effective communication: an enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or
mechanical mechanism), implies human motivation and implies some sort of
successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the
manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated program), not the herding of
animals, and can occur in both a legal as well as illegal enterprise or
environment.Management does not need to be seen from enterprise point of view
alone, because management is an essential function to improve one's life and
relationships. Management is there everywhere and it has a wider range of
application. Based on this, management must have humans, communication, and a
positive enterprise endeavor. Plans, measurements, motivational psychological
tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or may not be necessary
components for there to be management. At first, one views management
functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, meeting goals. This
applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this
perspective, Henri Fayol (1841–1925)[5] considers management to consist of six functions:
- Forecasting
- Planning
- Organizing
- Commanding
- Coordinating
- Controlling
Henri Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to
modern concepts of management.[citation needed]
In another way of thinking, Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), defined management as
"the art of getting things done through people". She described
management as philosophy.[6]
Critics, however, find this definition useful but far
too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs
widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature
of definitions and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of
a managerial cadre or class.
One habit of thought regards management as equivalent
to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places
outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly,every organization must manage its
work, people, processes, technology, etc. to maximize effectiveness.
Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management
as "business schools". Some institutions (such as
the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such
as the Yale School
of Management) employ the
more inclusive term "management".
English speakers may also use the term
"management" or "the management" as a collective word
describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term often contrasted
with the term "Labor" - referring to those being managed.
But in the present era management's use is identified
in the wide areas and its frontiers have been pushed to a broader range. Apart
from profitable organizations even non-profitable organizations (NGO) apply
management concepts. The concept and its uses are not constrained. Management
on the whole is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling.
Nature of managerial work
In profitable organizations, management's primary
function is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a
profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost
(for customers), and providing great employment opportunities for employees. In
nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In
most models of management and governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior
management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as
employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers, but this is rare.
In the public sector of countries constituted as representative
democracies, voters
elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and
administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election
of a new president/governor/mayor.
Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management
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